The Islamic Culture "As-Saqafat-ul Islamia" الثقافة الإسلامية - Research Journal - Sheikh Zayed Islamic Centre, University of Karachi

MAIN CAUSES OF THE DIVERSITY OF ISLAMIC SCHOOLS OF JURISPRUDENCE

Prof. Dr. Abdul Hai Al-Madani, Dr. Imran ul Haq Kalyanvi — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research examines a range of fundamental causes that led to differences among jurists in Islamic legal rulings. It presents applied examples from the lives of the Companions, the Successors, and leading mujtahid imams, while explaining the dimensions of each cause in detail. One of the primary reasons is the variation in scholars’ access to hadiths; some were unaware of certain narrations altogether, others received them through weak chains, or interpreted them differently. The second reason relates to the authentication of hadiths and the evaluation of narrators, where some scholars declared narrators reliable while others considered them weak. A further cause is the differing conditions for accepting solitary reports (khabar al-wāḥid), as some scholars required additional criteria such as the juristic expertise, integrity, or reputation of the narrator before accepting such reports. Additional important factors include forgetfulness of certain texts, lack of awareness of linguistic indications, ambiguity, and lexical homonymy, all of which significantly influence juristic inference. Moreover, some scholars may not have recognized whether certain individuals fall under general textual rulings, or they differed in understanding whether a term indicates a specific legal ruling. The emergence of legal schools (madhāhib) and the codification of their principles further expanded juristic differences, particularly due to methodological variations within the same school, where some prioritized direct evidence while others followed the established or dominant opinion. Other contributing factors include differences in the application of analogical reasoning (qiyās), blocking of means (sadd al-dharā’iʿ), and consideration of legal objectives (maqāṣid). Disagreements also arose in matters of abrogation (naskh), such as additions to texts or differences in temporal generality and specificity. The study also highlights the impact of scholarly contemporaneity and interaction, which further widened the scope of disagreement, as well as issues of textual conflict and the methods of reconciliation, abrogation, or preference among evidences. Linguistic ambiguity and lack of precision in understanding textual meanings are also major causes, alongside differences in foundational legal principles such as analogy, juristic preference (istiḥsān), the practice of a Companion’s opinion, and presumption of continuity (istiṣḥāb). These principles directly affect interpretive methodologies and lead to variation in legal conclusions.

Islamic Arabic Phrases in Indian Cinema: A Linguistic Borrowing and Cultural Integration Perspective from Muslim Discourse

Hira Fiaz, Faisal Naveed, Dr. Najmul Sahar Ilyas — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examines mainstream Bollywood cinema as a multilingual environment in which languages and cultures interact through everyday dialogue. Among the linguistic influences visible on screen are Arabic-origin expressions such as salaam, inshallah, and mashallah, which appear in Hindi and Hindi-English cinematic speech. Although there is growing literature on the representation of Muslims in Indian media, there remains a limited linguistic examination of how such expressions function as borrowed forms in film discourse. This study analyses the use of Arabic-origin everyday expressions in selected Indian films and one online series, applying Language Borrowing Theory as the main analytical framework. A qualitative textual method was used, focusing on purposively selected scenes from My Name is Khan (2010), Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015), Raazi (2018), and The Family Man (2019–2023) in which greetings, emotional support, politeness and identity-indexed dialogue were present. The findings suggest that Arabic-origin expressions are used primarily as pragmatic tools of respect, warmth, reassurance, and emphasis rather than solely as religious markers. Pronunciation is especially often local, being a reflection of natural adaptation during borrowing. The study draws attention to cinema as a public site of language contact as expressions that are commonly used in everyday life travel across cultures to acquire new communicative meanings.

Fasting in Ramadan and Its Effect on Body Mass Index, Blood Pressure, and Blood Glucose: A Theoretical Pre-Post Statistical Analysis

Attique Hussain Khan, Sheikh Adnan Ahmed Usmani — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Ramadan fasting is an obligatory practice of religion in the Islamic faith performed every year by millions of Muslims around the world. Its practice does not only have serious spiritual connotations but also triggers serious physiological and metabolic effects. Considering these complex facets, this paper presents a theoretical quantitative construct which aims at examining the impacts of Ramadan fasting on some of the most important health outcomes like Body Mass Index (BMI), blood pressure, and blood glucose levels. The analysis method is a pre- post statistical design, which allows pre- and post-assessment to be compared. Instead of basing on new empirical evidence, the manuscript is written in the form of a sequence of properly structured hypotheses, specifying the definition of certain variables, and recommending appropriate statistical procedures. The proposed recommendations are based on available biomedical evidence and existing biostatistical rules, which guarantees the methodological rigor. By illustrating how the practices of Islam could be subject to systematic quantitative research, the paper provides a strong scaffolding on which other future empirical studies could be built.

Marriage and Rituals Ease of Marriage is the Most Important Aspect of Social Reform

Dr. Muhammad Rashid Khan Awan, Hafiza Rabia Jamil — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The spirit of this complete article is that in the current situation, it is necessary to take every possible preventive measure to stop all widespread misguidance, immorality and obscenity, illicit relations with non-mahrams, adultery, cruelty, and abuse in the society. The best solution for this has been presented in the form of marriage in the light of Qur'an and Sunnah. In this article, the society has been given religious, corrective, intellectual and persuasive thinking, so that people may come to the path of guidance instead of engaging in sins and committing unlawful activity/ atrocities and should understand the purpose of Islam and keep in mind the survival of humanity. This article emphasizes the need to ease in all matters related to marriage, encourage early marriage and to remove all obstacles that come in the way of marriage. In addition, the virtues and benefits of marriage and its importance have also been highlighted. May the best results of this writing come to us in the form of social reforms and let us all together form a better society.

From Al-Khwarizmi's Algorithms to Qubits: The Islamic Roots of Modern Quantum Computing

Sheikh Adnan Ahmed Usmani — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

From Al-Khwarizmi's Algorithms to Qubits: The Islamic Roots of Modern Quantum Computing

SHAH ABDUL LATIF’S POETRY: A READING IN ECO-ISLAMIC MYSTIC POETICS

Javed Ali — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates Shah Abdul Latif’s poetry dubbed as Shah-Jo-Risalo through the lens of ecocriticism. Shah-Jo-Risalo is a magnum opus in literature and a revered poetic compendium by a venerated Sindhi Islamic-Mystic poet Shah Abdul Latif. The Risalo envisions Latif’s exquisite mystical thoughts veiled in evocative Islamic-Poetic language. It is laden with Mystic-Philosophical thought; it reflects his observant eye on the natural world with a lofty flight of imagination and interfuses intricate relationships between human and non-human elements manifesting his environmental consciousness at par. Landscapes, waterscapes, flora and fauna are imbued with inherent value and metaphorical spiritual underpinnings. The undertaken study places Shah-Jo-Risalo within the ambit of eco-poetics and bespeaks how and in what ways his verses are pregnant with Islamic-Mystic thoughts rooted in the ecological reality of the time. In addition, this study delves into Bhittai’s poetic narrative Shah-Jo-Risalo to penetrate how his verses project human and non-human entities and the relationship between human-human and human-universe. In this connection, this study embraces a qualitative approach and explores selected verses that describe the geography and landscape of Sindh, highlighting the intrinsic values of the floras, fauna, mountains and waters symbolic of Islamic-Spiritual truths and interconnectedness between living and non-living, both entering into dialogues with each other. Close examination of the various surs in Bhittai’s poetry reveals constructive and destructive powers are in-built the natural world when examined in the light of an Eco critical lens. The study further unfolds that Bhittai captures natural beauty in his verses effectively and expresses powerfully the inherent meaning in nature, reflecting his eco-consciousness and promoting ecological awareness for a harmonious co-existence with the natural world. Moreover, Bhittai weaves spiritual strains of divine love and matchless poetic imagination transforming these humble characters from ancient folktales as a medium of expression to convey Islamic-Mystical insights.

STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE (ICC) IN ESL CLASSROOMS: ISLAMIC ETHICAL VALUES IN PAKISTANI UNIVERSITY TEACHERS’ PERSPECTIVE

Tariq Aziz — Tue, 30 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This paper aims to explore the strategies that Pakistani university teachers use to develop intercultural communicative competence (ICC) in their ESL classrooms through Islamic ethical values. It also focuses on the teacher’s perspectives as to how they perceive the integration of ICC in teaching English as a second language. There is a rising need for cultural awareness and sensitivity in as multilingual and multicultural society as Pakistan in general and in the fast-shrinking world due to latest technology in particular, where nations and cultures have come closer like never before. The research methodology used is qualitative in nature with purposive sampling to choose the participants carefully for the interviews which were transcribed and analyzed thematically. Results show that it is important to develop Students’ ICC in a Pakistani multilingual and multicultural society to inculcate much-needed tolerance. However, it reveals the lack of teachers’ professional development and proper assessment in this regard. Teachers also need to combat the inferiority complex as non-native ESL instructors while transferring English cultural values and identities. Rigid attitude, limited resources and time constraints are some of the challenges that the teachers face while developing ICC. Strategies to promote ICC include lecture-based explanation, selection and creation of multicultural materials, interactive in-class activities, and relevant reading and listening activities.